To use ActionMailer, you need to create a mailer model.
$ script/generate mailer Notifier
The generated model inherits from ActionMailer::Base. Emails are defined by creating methods within the model which are then used to set variables to be used in the mail template, to change options on the mail, or to add attachments.
Examples:
class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base def signup_notification(recipient) recipients recipient.email_address_with_name from "system@example.com" subject "New account information" body :account => recipient end end
Mailer methods have the following configuration methods available.
- recipients - Takes one or more email addresses. These addresses are where your email will be delivered to. Sets the To: header.
- subject - The subject of your email. Sets the Subject: header.
- from - Who the email you are sending is from. Sets the From: header.
- cc - Takes one or more email addresses. These addresses will receive a carbon copy of your email. Sets the Cc: header.
- bcc - Takes one or more email address. These addresses will receive a blind carbon copy of your email. Sets the Bcc header.
- sent_on - The date on which the message was sent. If not set, the header wil be set by the delivery agent.
- content_type - Specify the content type of the message. Defaults to text/plain.
- headers - Specify additional headers to be set for the message, e.g. headers ‘X-Mail-Count’ => 107370.
The body method has special behavior. It takes a hash which generates an instance variable named after each key in the hash containing the value that that key points to.
So, for example, body "account" => recipient would result in an instance variable @account with the value of recipient being accessible in the view.
Mailer views
Like ActionController, each mailer class has a corresponding view directory in which each method of the class looks for a template with its name. To define a template to be used with a mailing, create an .rhtml file with the same name as the method in your mailer model. For example, in the mailer defined above, the template at app/views/notifier/signup_notification.rhtml would be used to generate the email.
Variables defined in the model are accessible as instance variables in the view.
Emails by default are sent in plain text, so a sample view for our model example might look like this:
Hi <%= @account.name %>, Thanks for joining our service! Please check back often.
You can even use Action Pack helpers in these views. For example:
You got a new note! <%= truncate(note.body, 25) %>
Generating URLs for mailer views
If your view includes URLs from the application, you need to use url_for in the mailing method instead of the view. Unlike controllers from Action Pack, the mailer instance doesn‘t have any context about the incoming request. That‘s why you need to jump this little hoop and supply all the details needed for the URL. Example:
def signup_notification(recipient) recipients recipient.email_address_with_name from "system@example.com" subject "New account information" body :account => recipient, :home_page => url_for(:host => "example.com", :controller => "welcome", :action => "greeting") end
You can now access @home_page in the template and get example.com/welcome/greeting.
Sending mail
Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message or create it and save it for delivery later:
Notifier.deliver_signup_notification(david) # sends the email mail = Notifier.create_signup_notification(david) # => a tmail object Notifier.deliver(mail)
You never instantiate your mailer class. Rather, your delivery instance methods are automatically wrapped in class methods that start with the word deliver_ followed by the name of the mailer method that you would like to deliver. The signup_notification method defined above is delivered by invoking Notifier.deliver_signup_notification.
HTML email
To send mail as HTML, make sure your view (the .rhtml file) generates HTML and set the content type to html.
class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base def signup_notification(recipient) recipients recipient.email_address_with_name subject "New account information" body "account" => recipient from "system@example.com" content_type "text/html" # Here's where the magic happens end end
Multipart email
You can explicitly specify multipart messages:
class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base def signup_notification(recipient) recipients recipient.email_address_with_name subject "New account information" from "system@example.com" part :content_type => "text/html", :body => render_message("signup-as-html", :account => recipient) part "text/plain" do |p| p.body = render_message("signup-as-plain", :account => recipient) p.transfer_encoding = "base64" end end end
Multipart messages can also be used implicitly because ActionMailer will automatically detect and use multipart templates, where each template is named after the name of the action, followed by the content type. Each such detected template will be added as separate part to the message.
For example, if the following templates existed:
- signup_notification.text.plain.rhtml
- signup_notification.text.html.rhtml
- signup_notification.text.xml.rxml
- signup_notification.text.x-yaml.rhtml
Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message, with the corresponding content type. The same body hash is passed to each template.
Attachments
Attachments can be added by using the attachment method.
Example:
class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base # attachments def signup_notification(recipient) recipients recipient.email_address_with_name subject "New account information" from "system@example.com" attachment :content_type => "image/jpeg", :body => File.read("an-image.jpg") attachment "application/pdf" do |a| a.body = generate_your_pdf_here() end end end
Configuration options
These options are specified on the class level, like ActionMailer::Base.template_root = "/my/templates"
- template_root - template root determines the base from which template references will be made.
- logger - the logger is used for generating information on the mailing run if available. Can be set to nil for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby‘s own Logger and Log4r loggers.
- smtp_settings - Allows detailed configuration for :smtp delivery method:
- :address Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default "localhost" setting.
- :port On the off chance that your mail server doesn‘t run on port 25, you can change it.
- :domain If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.
- :user_name If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.
- :password If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.
- :authentication If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of :plain, :login, :cram_md5
- sendmail_settings - Allows you to override options for the :sendmail delivery method
- :location The location of the sendmail executable, defaults to "/usr/sbin/sendmail"
- :arguments The command line arguments
- raise_delivery_errors - whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered.
- delivery_method - Defines a delivery method. Possible values are :smtp (default), :sendmail, and :test.
- perform_deliveries - Determines whether deliver_* methods are actually carried out. By default they are, but this can be turned off to help functional testing.
- deliveries - Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with delivery_method :test. Most useful for unit and functional testing.
- default_charset - The default charset used for the body and to encode the subject. Defaults to UTF-8. You can also pick a different charset from inside a method with @charset.
- default_content_type - The default content type used for the main part of the message. Defaults to "text/plain". You can also pick a different content type from inside a method with @content_type.
- default_mime_version - The default mime version used for the message. Defaults to "1.0". You can also pick a different value from inside a method with @mime_version.
- default_implicit_parts_order - When a message is built implicitly (i.e. multiple parts are assembled from templates which specify the content type in their filenames) this variable controls how the parts are ordered. Defaults to ["text/html", "text/enriched", "text/plain"]. Items that appear first in the array have higher priority in the mail client and appear last in the mime encoded message. You can also pick a different order from inside a method with @implicit_parts_order.
- AdvAttrAccessor
- PartContainer
- ActionController::UrlWriter
- Reloadable::Deprecated
| [R] | The mail object instance referenced by this mailer. |
Deliver the given mail object directly. This can be used to deliver a preconstructed mail object, like:
email = MyMailer.create_some_mail(parameters) email.set_some_obscure_header "frobnicate" MyMailer.deliver(email)
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# File vendor/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 363 363: def deliver(mail) 364: new.deliver!(mail) 365: end
Receives a raw email, parses it into an email object, decodes it, instantiates a new mailer, and passes the email object to the mailer object‘s receive method. If you want your mailer to be able to process incoming messages, you‘ll need to implement a receive method that accepts the email object as a parameter:
class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base def receive(mail) ... end end
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# File vendor/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 350 350: def receive(raw_email) 351: logger.info "Received mail:\n #{raw_email}" unless logger.nil? 352: mail = TMail::Mail.parse(raw_email) 353: mail.base64_decode 354: new.receive(mail) 355: end
Server Settings is the old name for smtp_settings
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# File vendor/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 368 368: def server_settings 369: smtp_settings 370: end
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# File vendor/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 373 373: def server_settings=(settings) 374: ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("server_settings has been renamed smtp_settings, this warning will be removed with rails 2.0", caller) 375: self.smtp_settings=settings 376: end
Delivers a TMail::Mail object. By default, it delivers the cached mail object (from the create! method). If no cached mail object exists, and no alternate has been given as the parameter, this will fail.
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